Do you know the advantages and characteristics of lithium-ion batteries?

Lithium ion batteries have attracted great interest and attention due to their high specific energy, long cycle life, and wide operating temperature range. What is particularly attractive is that the average price of each cycle of batteries is not high, and it is also showing a downward trend.
(1) High working voltage
Using carbon lithium intercalation compounds such as graphite or petroleum coke as negative electrode instead of metal lithium will reduce the battery voltage. However, due to their low lithium intercalation potential, voltage loss can be minimized. At the same time, selecting the appropriate lithium intercalation compound as the positive electrode of the battery and selecting the appropriate electrolyte system (which determines the electrochemical window of the lithium battery) can make the lithium battery have a higher working voltage (-4V), which is much higher than that of the aqueous solution system battery.
(2) Greater than capacity
Although replacing metal lithium with carbon based materials can reduce the material's mass to capacity ratio, in fact, in metal lithium secondary batteries, in order to ensure a certain cycle life of the battery, the negative electrode metal lithium is usually more than three times excessive. Therefore, the actual reduction in mass to capacity ratio in lithium batteries is not significant, and the volume to capacity ratio has hardly decreased.
(3) High energy density
The higher working voltage and volume specific capacity determine the higher energy density of secondary lithium batteries. Compared with the widely used Ni Cd and Ni MH batteries, secondary lithium batteries have the highest energy density and still have great potential for development.
(4) Good safety performance and long cycle life
The reason why the battery with metal lithium as anode is unsafe is that the structure of the positive pole of the lithium ion battery has changed due to multiple charging and discharging, forming porous dendrites. When the temperature rises, it has a violent exothermic reaction reaction with the electrolyte, and the dendrites can pierce the diaphragm, causing internal short circuit. However, the lithium battery does not have this problem, which is very safe.
To avoid the presence of metallic lithium in the battery, the voltage should be controlled during charging. For safety reasons, lithium batteries are equipped with multiple safety devices. During the charging and discharging process of lithium batteries, there is no structural change in the insertion and removal of lithium ions on the cathode and anode (there may be some lattice expansion and contraction during the insertion and removal process), and because lithium intercalation compounds are more stable than metal lithium, lithium dendrites will not form during the charging and discharging process, which significantly improves the safety performance of the battery.
At the same time, the cycle life is also greatly improved. Lithium batteries were excluded from the hazardous materials category by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Hazardous Materials Transportation Service and the International Air Transport Association (IAIT) in 1989 and 1990, respectively.
(5) Low self-discharge rate
Lithium batteries use a non-aqueous electrolyte system, and lithium intercalated carbon materials are thermodynamically unstable in the non-aqueous electrolyte system. During the first charge and discharge process, due to the reduction of electrolyte, a layer of solid electrolyte intermediate phase (SEI) film will be formed on the surface of the carbon negative electrode, allowing lithium ions to pass but not allowing electrons to pass, and making the active substances of electrode electrodes in different charged states relatively stable, so it has a low self-discharge rate.
(6) Clean and pollution-free
Lithium batteries do not contain toxic substances such as lead, mercury, or mercury, and because batteries must be well sealed, there is very little gas release during use, which does not cause environmental pollution.
(7) High current efficiency
Unlike any other aqueous solution system secondary battery in the past, lithium batteries do not produce gas during normal charging and discharging processes, and their current efficiency is close to 100%. This property is particularly suitable for battery packs used for power storage and conversion.