What are the usage conditions that affect lithium-ion batteries?

Lithium ion batteries are a type of secondary battery (rechargeable battery) that mainly relies on Li+being inserted and removed back and forth between two electrodes to operate. With the continuous development of downstream industries such as new energy vehicles, the production scale of lithium-ion batteries is constantly expanding. So, what are the general usage conditions that affect lithium-ion batteries?
Temperature
The influence of temperature on the size of internal resistance is obvious. The lower the temperature, the slower the ion transport inside the battery, and the greater the internal resistance of the battery. The impedance of batteries can be divided into bulk impedance, SEI film impedance, and charge transfer impedance. The bulk impedance and SEI film impedance are mainly influenced by the electrolyte ion conductivity, and their variation trend at low temperatures is consistent with the electrolyte conductivity variation trend.
Compared to the increase in bulk impedance and SEI film resistance at low temperatures, the charge reaction impedance increases more significantly with decreasing temperature. Below -20 ℃, the charge reaction impedance accounts for almost 100% of the total internal resistance of the battery.
SOC
When the battery is at different SOC, its internal resistance size also varies, especially the DC internal resistance directly affects the power performance of the battery, which reflects the actual performance of the battery. The DC internal resistance of lithium batteries increases with the increase of the battery discharge depth DOD, and the internal resistance size remains basically unchanged in the 10% to 80% discharge range. Generally, the internal resistance increases significantly at deeper discharge depths.
Storage
As the storage time of lithium-ion batteries increases, the batteries continue to age and their internal resistance continues to increase. The degree of variation in internal resistance varies among different types of lithium batteries. After 9 to 10 months of storage, the internal resistance increase rate of LFP batteries is higher than that of NCA and NCM batteries. The increase rate of internal resistance is related to storage time, storage temperature, and storage SOC
Loop
Whether it is storage or cycling, the impact of temperature on the internal resistance of the battery is consistent. The higher the cycling temperature, the greater the rate of increase in internal resistance. The impact of different cycle intervals on the internal resistance of batteries is also different. The internal resistance of batteries increases rapidly with the increase of charging and discharging depth, and the increase in internal resistance is directly proportional to the strengthening of charging and discharging depth.
In addition to the influence of the depth of charge and discharge during the cycle, the charging cutoff voltage also has an impact: too low or too high the upper limit of the charging voltage will increase the interface impedance of the electrode, and too low the upper limit voltage cannot form a passivation film well, while too high the upper limit voltage will cause the electrolyte to oxidize and decompose on the surface of LiFePO4 electrode to form products with low conductivity.